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A simple shift substitution cipher where each letter in the plaintext is shifted by a fixed number of positions.

A special case of Caesar cipher with a fixed shift value of 13.

A polyalphabetic substitution cipher that uses a keyword to shift characters in repeating cycles.

A monoalphabetic substitution cipher formed by reversing the alphabet (A becomes Z, B becomes Y, etc.).

A polygraphic substitution cipher that encrypts pairs of letters using a dynamic 5x5 key matrix.

A transposition cipher where plaintext is written diagonally down and up on successive "rails" of a fence.

Ancient Greek grid cipher encoding each letter as a (row, col) coordinate pair in a 5×5 grid. J is merged into I.

A polyalphabetic substitution cipher that reverses the Vigenère formula (K - P instead of P + K), making it self-inverse.

Keyed transposition cipher — plaintext is written in rows then columns are read in alphabetical key order.

A polygraphic substitution cipher that encrypts pairs of letters using 2x2 matrix multiplication modulo 26.

A stronger variant of Vigenère where the keystream extends using the plaintext itself instead of repeating the key, removing Kasiski-style periodicity.

A WWI-era cipher combining a keyed 6x6 Polybius-square substitution with a keyed columnar transposition.

A polygraphic substitution cipher (Delastelle) that encrypts letter pairs using two keyed 5x5 grids alongside two standard alphabet grids.

A simple stream cipher performing byte-wise XOR operations between plaintext and key.

An unbreakable cipher when used with a truly random, single-use key of equal length to the plaintext.

Data Encryption Standard. A legacy 64-bit block cipher utilizing a 56-bit key size.

Applies the DES algorithm three times to each data block with two or three keys to increase security.

Advanced Encryption Standard. A highly secure, standard block cipher supporting key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits.

Authenticated encryption (AEAD): AES in counter mode for confidentiality plus a GHASH authentication tag for integrity. Used by TLS 1.3 and WireGuard — flipping a single ciphertext byte makes tag verification fail.

A byte-oriented stream cipher combining a Key-Scheduling Algorithm (KSA) with a Pseudo-Random Generation Algorithm (PRGA) to produce a keystream.

A modern ARX-based stream cipher (Bernstein, 2005) built from add-rotate-XOR quarter-rounds — the direct predecessor to ChaCha20.

A modern ARX-based stream cipher (RFC 8439) used in TLS 1.3, built from add-rotate-XOR quarter-rounds instead of substitution boxes.

A compact 64-round Feistel cipher (Wheeler & Needham, 1997) using only addition, XOR, and shifts — no lookup tables.

Secure Hash Algorithm 2. Produces a unique 256-bit (32-byte) hash output representing the input message.

Secure Hash Algorithm 2 with 64-bit words, producing a secure 512-bit (64-byte) digest.

A widely used legacy hash producing a 128-bit output. Cryptographically broken due to collision vulnerabilities.

Keyed-hash Message Authentication Code. Combines SHA-256 with a cryptographic secret key.

A password hashing function incorporating a salt and cost factor, designed to be slow to prevent brute force.

NIST FIPS 202 hash function using the Keccak sponge construction — 24-round permutation over a 1600-bit state.

Legacy 160-bit hash function (NIST FIPS 180-1). Cryptographically broken — SHAttered collision attack demonstrated in 2017.

A 160-bit hash function using two independent, parallel compression lines whose final states are combined by modular addition.

An asymmetric cipher based on the difficulty of factoring large semiprimes. Supports key generation, encryption, and decryption.

A key exchange protocol enabling two parties to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Implements ECDSA signing and verification over the NIST P-256 curve.

A public-key encryption scheme based on the discrete logarithm problem, using ephemeral-key modular exponentiation.

Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm — deterministic signatures over Curve25519, with no external randomness and no nonce-reuse failure mode.